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by Gaelen Hadlett adlett XPLORING AI UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR SALE NUARY 2024UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEby Gaelen Hadlett E XPLORING UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEPublished by Spotlight, an imprint of Capstone 1710 Roe Crest Drive, North Mankato, Minnesota 56003 capstonepub.com Copyright © 2024 by Capstone. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on the Library of Congress website. ISBN: 9781669074649 (hardcover) ISBN: 9781669074656 (paperback) ISBN: 9781669074663 (ebook pdf) Summary: Explore the world of artificial intelligence and the amazing impact it is having on daily life. Discover how people are using artificial intelligence to try to solve issues with health, the environment, endangered animals, and more! In collaboration with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), this book features an engaging narrative and dynamic photos that explore the creators of today’s AI and those who will be taking it into the future—like you! Editorial Credits Editor: Erika L. Shores; Designer: Hilary Wacholz; Media Researcher: Jo Miller; Production Specialist: Tori Abraham Image Credits Alamy: Stocktrek Images, Inc., 21; Associated Press: Christophe Ena, 18; Getty Images: FG Trade, 11, Ignatiev, 16, ipopba, Cover (top), John Fedele, 7, Jordi Salas, 23, metamorworks, 29, Paul Souders, 20, Shutter2U, Cover (bottom); Science Source: USGS, 19; Shutterstock: Adrian Parker, 24, Andrey Suslov, Cover (middle, background), Chansom Pantip, 9, Gluiki, design element (throughout), Gorodenkoff, 10, 14, Ground Picture, 28, ImageFlow, 5, Microgen, 22, Mila Supinskaya Glashchenko, 25, Ole.CNX, 4, Potapov Alexander, 17, Pressmaster, 6, 27, sfam_photo, 15, ShadeDesign, 13 This book is published in partnership with the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). All internet sites appearing in back matter were available and accurate when this book was sent to press. UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEWords in BOLD are in the glossary. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION All About AI ........................... 4 CHAPTER 1 AI Helps People ........................8 CHAPTER 2 AI and the Environment .................18 CHAPTER 3 AI Uncovers the Past ..................22 CHAPTER 4 The Humans Behind AI .................26 Glossary .........................30 Read More ........................31 Internet Sites ......................31 Index ............................32 About the Author .................32 UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEINTRODUCTION All About AI Recognizing faces of wild animals. Detecting early signs of cancer. Identifying ancient artifacts. Artificial intelligence (AI) can do amazing things. AI is the ability of a computer to “think” like a human. Computers with AI can solve problems on their own. New discoveries are being made every day by people working to develop AI. AI doesn’t just exist in a computer lab, though. You have probably interacted with virtual assistants , chatbots , and other AI on phones and video games. What are some of the other ways AI helps people? How did this AI develop, and who are the humans responsible for making it? Chatbots use AI to answer questions. 4 UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEThinking Machines Artificial intelligence isn’t a new idea. Long before computers were invented, both the ancient Greeks and Chinese created automata. These kinds of machines have moving parts that operate on their own, like a cuckoo clock. People at the time wondered if these machines could think. In 1950, computer scientist Alan Turing came up with a test to help decide if a computer was intelligent. His test was simple. An interviewer, a person, and a computer program—each in a different room—would all chat through text on a screen. If the interviewer could not tell which of the two other participants was a computer, then the computer passed. Passing the test meant the computer was “thinking” like a human. No computers could pass Turing’s test. AI tools can recognize faces to unlock cellphones. 5 UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEDreaming of AI Scientists long dreamed about the creation of AI. An early success was ELIZA, a chatbot created by Joseph Weizenbaum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1964 to 1966. ELIZA was designed to act like a therapist. It would respond to every statement made by a human user by asking a question about the human’s previous statement. At the time, many people were impressed with this early AI. Scientists hoped for more AI advancements in the 1970s and 1980s. But computer hardware wasn’t yet up to the task. Computer processors—microchips that run the instructions of computer programs—were not fast enough. The mathematical formulas were not advanced enough either. A computer microchip 6 UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALEWhile computer engineers built faster and more advanced computer hardware, researchers and designers worked on developing new computer programs. By working together and not giving up, they brought about the AI we have today. It can find tumors, listen to whales, measure pollution, and so much more! People worked together to develop the hardware and software needed for AI. 7 UNCORRECTED PROOF - NOT FOR RESALENext >